Coolidge, Calvin

Coolidge, Calvin Coolidge, Calvin, 1872â€"1933, 30th President of the United States (1923â€"29), b. Plymouth, Vt. John Calvin Coolidge was a graduate of Amherst College and was admitted to the bar in 1897. He practiced (1897â€"1919) law in Northampton, Mass., entered state politics as a Republican, and rose steadily in the party. He served (1910â€"11) as mayor of Northampton, was a member of the Massachusetts state senate from 1912 to 1915 (its president after 1914), and was (1916â€"19) lieutenant governor before serving (1919â€"21) as governor. Coolidge rose to national prominence when he used the militia to end the Boston police strike in 1919. In 1920 he was nominated as Republican candidate for the vice presidency and was elected with Warren G. Harding. After Harding died, Coolidge took (Aug. 3, 1923) the oath of office as President. Untouched by the scandals of the Harding administration, he was easily elected to a full term in 1924. His personal honesty and New England simplicity appealed to t he American people, and his unquestioning faith in the conservative business values of laissez faire reflected the national mood. Coolidge's policies were aggressively pro-business. Through his appointees he transformed the Federal Trade Commission from an agency intended to regulate corporations into one dominated by big business. He twice vetoed (1927, 1928) the McNary-Haugen bill to aid agriculture and pocket-vetoed (1928) a bill for government operation of the Muscle Shoals hydroelectric plant. The presence in his cabinet of Herbert C. Hoover and Andrew W. Mellon added to the business tone of his administration, and Coolidge supported Mellon's program of tax cuts and economy in government. Through his public statements he encouraged the reckless stock market speculation of the late 1920s and left the nation unprepared for the economic collapse that followed. Coolidge chose not to seek renomination in 1928. After leaving office he retired to Northampton to write newspaper and mag azine articles and his autobiography (1929, repr. 1989). As first lady, his wife, Grace A. Goodhue Coolidge, was much admired for her poise and charm. A selection of his press conferences was edited by H. H. Quint and R. H. Ferrell (1964). See biographies by C. M. Fuess (1940), D. R. McCoy (1967, repr. 1988), J. Abels (1969), W. A. White (1938, repr. 1973), R. Sobel (1998), and A. Shlaes (2013). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

A Study On Employee Motivation Essay - 6476 Words

CHAPTER-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION The project titled â€Å"A study on employee motivation with reference to network 18†, is conducted to identify factors that are responsible for motivating the employees and the organizational functions of Network 18, Noida. The focus of the project is on what motivates the employee the most. Hence the main subject which have been focused on was Employee motivation or motivation in general. Management’s basic job is to utilize human resources effectively to achieve the organizational objectives. The personnel management is mainly concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the organization and to develop the talent of people at the work to achieve the fullest satisfaction. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the task of the manager to motivate his subordinates and also to create the â€Å"will to work† amongst his subordinates. In fact, a worker might be highly capable of doing work; nothing can be done if he is not willing to work. The manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to generate the interest amongst the employees. From a manager’s point of view it is important to understand what encourages people, what influences them and why they persist in particular action. By understanding what motivates employees, the management can design procedures, functions, policies and systems that can create a workforce of motivated and happy employees who in turn would beShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation – a Short Case Study1198 Words   |  5 PagesEmployee Motivation – A Short Case Study I joined CVS Caremark project at TCS-Noida in November after a successful stint at Aviva in TCS-Bangalore, where I had worked as a trainee. I had always wanted to go back to my hometown and live with my parents and when I got a transfer to Delhi I didn’t waste a single moment in saying yes to the new project and heading towards Delhi. Many of my friends were also moving out from Bangalore at the same time which only made my decision easier. I felt that CaremarkRead MoreEmployee Motivation Case Study Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesexisting employee without giving financial benefits? OBJECTIVES To be able to know if implementing a competency-based planning program is a good strategy to boost up the morale and increase motivation of the employees. To know what other alternative benefits can be given to employees, aside from monetary benefits. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: Has loyal customers Has a facility that attracts potential customers and members. Weaknesses: High turnover rate Low morale and motivation The companyRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Organization: a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority13675 Words   |  55 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Of all the factors of production, labour is the most important factor of production, which is supplied by the employees. The success or failure of any enterprise is therefore ultimately predicated on the willingness or otherwise of the people who supply the labour Force. A manager plays an important part in coordinating the efforts of individual workers to active organizational objectives. His work also include planningRead MoreEmployee Motivation in Low Income Earning Jobs: a Case Study of Subway4613 Words   |  19 PagesChapter 1 Introduction Background to the study A motivated employee works hard and effectively because of the satisfactory feeling of fulfillment. In business management, motivation is an important research field. Over the years, there have been many motivation theories developed. One of the most famous theories is on the basis of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow (1954) argued that individuals have a hierarchy of needs, and true motivation is achieved by fulfilling higher level of needsRead MoreA Critical Analysis of the Relationship Between Organisational Culture, Employee Motivation , Employee Performance and Service Quality Using the Following Case Studies;1595 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical analysis of the relationship between organisational culture, employee motivation ,* employee performance and service quality* using the following* Case studies*; Mitchell and Brothers, Marston’s PLC, *Banana Wharf* and* Best Western* Group. This may seem a far way from your everyday business or organisation closer to home, but surprisingly the variations between places and countries are very similar to that of organisations. Every business has their own specific way of doing thingsRead MoreArticle Review - Achieving Organisational Prosperity Through Employee Motivation and Retention: a Comparative Study of Strategic Hrm Practices in Malaysian Institutions2694 Words   |  11 PagesOrganisational Prosperity through Employee Motivation and Retention: A Comparative Study of Strategic HRM Practices in Malaysian Institutions Author: Yin Teng Chew This article provides an insight on strategic human resource management (HRM) practices regarding employee motivation of different multinational corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia. Employee retention is one of the hardest aspects of HRM that requires sophisticated framework. In the case of Malaysia, employee retention is a major issue as theRead MoreThe Importance Of Employee Motivation And Customer Retention Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagescustomer loyalty, and work efficiency. Indeed, in their research study, Ganesh and Mangalore (2016) established a strong link between employee motivation and customer retention. Therefore, any effort to improve the performance of an organization should begin with addressing human resource issues in the attempt to improve its motivation. Employee motivation has been a central area of focus in organizational behavior issues and studies. Scholars and professionals have been trying to understand factorsRead MoreThe Effect Of Flexible Work Programs On Em ployee Motivation1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Flexible Work Programs on Employee Motivation Overview Since the 1990s, many single parents have entered the workforce and their children are suffering as a result. These working parents are forced to leave their children to raise themselves while they work rigid schedules. Meanwhile, many children are not receiving the guidance and attention they need to flourish in society. This leaves our future in the hands of children without the necessary guidance needed to succeed. RecentlyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Motivation And Performance Of Workers Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Motivation derived from Latin word† Movere†, it is the drive which motivates to perform better. There is a link between motivation and performance. It is already resulted from previous studies that the motivated employees give more positive outcomes. To further investigate the relation among motivation and performance of workers. The research statement is designed to evaluate the relationship between motivation and employee’s performance. To evaluate the relationship, the quantitative researchRead MoreCorrelation Between Employee Motivation And Job Performance Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization. An employee performance appraisal can act as motivation for an employee to improve his productivity. When an employee sees his goals clearly defined and is measured against the set goals and objectives, a need can be identified about the future strategies of employee motivation. In this review, I will look at and explore the multiple arguments of the management research articles. So, the question I must ask: is there a positive correlation between employee motivation and job performance

Essay about The Price of Diamonds Is Too High - 1177 Words

Statement: â€Å"The price of diamonds is too high.† The diamond cartel is the most successful and long-lasting cartel in history. The cartel created a scarcity for diamond and stabilized the prices at a high level. This essay will be discussing the validity of the statement with reference to the market of the diamond industry, history of the diamond cartel, how the price of diamonds is determined, and the implications thereof. â€Å"A cartel is a group of firms acting together†¦to limit output, raise prices, and increase economic profit.† (Parkin et al., 2013:312) The diamond cartel formed when diamonds were discovered in South Africa. This discovery, in 1870, brought a rush of prospectors to South Africa to search for alluvial diamonds. The search†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the discovery of diamonds resulted in an overall decrease in the price and value of diamonds. Rhodes saw the diamond cartel as a solution to this problem. Rhodes used the cartel to limit the supply of diamonds to the actual demand, thereby stockpiling the excess supply. De Beers not only controlled the market in South Africa, but they also expanded their holdings to other parts of the world, such as, England and Israel. (Epstein, 1982:1) By 1929, when Sir Oppenheimer took control of De Beers, the transition between the actual mining to the distribution, which is controlled by the Central Selling Organizing (CSO), became centrally controlled. (Spar, 2006:197-198) By analysing the definition of monopoly, which â€Å"†¦is the exclusive right of a person, corporation or state to sell a particular commodity† (Lerner, 1934:157), we can deduce that the diamond industry is a single-price monopoly; in other words, De Beers created its own barriers to prevent others from entry by obtaining control of the supply of diamonds (Parkin et al., 2013:273) and selling at the same price to all its customers (Parkin et al., 2013:275). Since by definition, a monopoly consists of one entity, a monopolist has complete control of the supply of the commodity; therefore, it has market power and, thus, has the ability to control the prices. (Parkin et al., 2013:272-273) The same would apply to the diamond industry: De Beers was the only firm that minedShow MoreRelatedThe Price of Diamonds is Too High Essays1079 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"THE PRICE OF DIAMONDS IS TOO HIGH† For more than a century the diamond industry has flourished beyond expectations. The diamond has grown from a small yet rare gem stone to that of a rather large and powerful symbol of wealth. The industry has been controlled by one major corporation, De Beers. De beers along with the cartel it set up has built an industry that will last forever. (Spar, 2006) This paper will analyse the diamond industry, paying specific attention to the cartel, how it operates;Read MoreEssay on The Price of Diamonds Is too High984 Words   |  4 PagesThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High For centuries the diamond has fascinated man for its alluring sparkle and physical hardness. Formed about three billion years ago, the diamond may very well be the oldest and most precious item any person can own. The internationally accepted notion that this commodity is one of the most treasurable commodity of them all has led to the public being prepared to pay the prices that are set by a group of companies in an agreement known as a cartel. This essay willRead MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is too High Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The price of diamonds is too high† This essay discusses the statement â€Å"the price of diamonds is too high†; it will analyze the diamond cartel and its history in order to determine the validity of this statement. Various microeconomic theories will be discussed and explained, all of which are involved in the diamond cartel. The Oxford Dictionary defines a cartel as â€Å"an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition†Read MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement â€Å"The price of diamonds is too high†. Diamonds have always been presumed to be rare. They have been present in history as a symbol of wealth and luxury as they were so difficult to find. Nowadays diamonds are mined and are found all over the world but they are sold through a cartel. (Epstein 1982) A cartel limits the supply of a product in order to keep prices high and to limit competition. (South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary: 2002) This raises the question of whether diamonds are actuallyRead MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is too High in the Modern Market Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesmore dependent on diamonds as the years go by. From finding this rare gem in the depths of the earths’ crust, to it now being used as a certain love gesture. The rarity of this beautiful gem has changed, however has the price of diamonds changed accordingly with its value (placed upon by society). This essay will effectively argue that the price of diamonds is too high in the market in the present day as a result of various economic factors. The essay will give information on diamond cartels and howRead MoreThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High The price of diamonds has been controlled, up until recently, by1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Price of Diamonds Is Too High The price of diamonds has been controlled, up until recently, by cartels. Cartels are formed when suppliers of a particular product or service formally agree not to compete with one another. Cartel agreements usually determine the price, output and supply levels as well as where and to whom the product will be distributed to. De Beers is one of the commonly heard names with regard to diamonds. Up until recently De Beers controlled the diamond industry. It bothRead MoreThe History of the Diamond Cartel and Its Role in Determining the Price of Diamonds1174 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have been identified as being precious but expensive gems for many decades. Diamonds were extremely rare, only found in India and Brazil until the late nineteenth century (Vogelsang, 2005: 5). After the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the diamond industry began to flourish. Diamonds then became very abundant and cheap to produce. In order for the value of diamonds to remain as high as they were during the phase in which they were still rare, a diamond cartel was introduced. A cartelRead MoreShould Diamonds Cost so Much? Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesDiamonds have long been considered some of the most prized and sought after possessions. They have been perceived as indicators of wealth and romance. The diamond market however; has been one of the most controversial and controlled markets in history run by a cartel â€Å"†¦an association of suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition† (Oxford English dictionary) formed to prevent the market from becoming flooded with diamonds from too many suppliers, resultingRead MoreEssay on The DeBeers Diamond Cartel1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscovery of diamonds, the precious gem has always remained an item of luxury and great beauty and one that requires a great deal of financial sacrifice in order to acquire. Prices of diamonds have remained relatively stable over the last 100 years while prices of other commodities have fluctuated heavily (Hauser, 2002). Diamonds are a relatively rare commodity which gives them a high value and with the help of De Beer’s advertising campaign, spanning the last six decades, that high value appealRead MorePov Analysis Debeers1219 Words   |  5 PagesPOV ANALYSIS #1 De Beers Diamonds Corrin Wigren 10/10/11 Situation: The De Beers name has always been synonymous with diamonds due largely impart to the fact that in order for anyone to deal in the diamond business, at some point they will have to deal with at least one of our subsidiary companies, retailers or distributors. De Beers owns 43% of the worlds’ market shares of rough diamonds, but this is way down from the 80% we were at in the 80’s. The diamond demand is at the mercy of an

The Cost of College Tuition Free Essays

Nose Snotty October 11, 2010 English 112 Position Final The Cost of College Tuition The cost of college is very high compared to how the economy has been and how wages and financial aid have not risen with the cost of tuition. This makes it harder for students to graduate and brings a lot of stress to their lives. Without the funding that is needed many students drop out or take a longer time finishing their degree. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cost of College Tuition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Going to college is stressful enough without the need to worry about how you’re going to pay for it and what other costs will continue to rise with getting a degree. The cost of college is too high compared to the amount Americans make and how much they are expected to contribute. This issue is very close to me because I am attending college, along with many of my friends and hearing about their struggles with paying for college is something I hear about often and is something I constantly think about. Some of my friend’s parents are paying for their education and this is a great help to the students but this causes a strain on the parents and can make them decide to pull money out of their retirement (carpenter). While going to college is important it can be very tough to pay for it. Some students have to rely on student loans to pay, while others have parents who are paying for it, while others can’t go at all because it would be too hard financially and to their everyday life to be able to go. Finding the right way for you can be a process. While many jobs require a degree, the cost of getting one has risen very dramatically over the years. Colleges seem to be able to raise tuition with a moment’s notice and expect the student to deal with it. The government can only shake an angry finger at them because they don’t want to take complete control over the colleges all over America. How the parents, student, and government look at the cost, the need for a degree, and how they will pay for it determines how much they are willing to sacrifice for it. Most parents want better for their children. To some this includes paying for their college education. With the economy with the way that it is and people losing their jobs all the time this can be harder than expected. This has caused many students to change their choice on which college to attend to a cheaper choice or go to a community college before going to a four year school. (Carpenter) This isn’t a bad choice but it can be hard to transition from one school to another and hope that all the credits will transfer successfully. Many parents feel like they are letting their child down if they do not help them, but many believe that the student should pay for it them because it will help them learn responsibility with juggling school and a job. According to Public Agenda only 42% of students whose parents did not help them graduated (Clark). This could be blamed on how hard it can be to be working and to find time to fit in time not only for class but preparing for class without their parents help. This can help time management skills, but for a student to be able to graduate in four years and work enough to not have a mountain of debt can be a hard thing to accomplish. Something else that also comes up is it’s not just tuition that has to be paid for, it’s also all the fees added on and the costs that most people don’t think about when budgeting for school like food for each week and transportation. With added on fees for every class it can be very frustrating so how the student pays for college affects a lot of aspects in their lives. The government has done a lot to help students with grants and scholarships so that they can afford college. With FAFSA many families are given money that they would otherwise not have so they don’t have to worry about bettering themselves while struggling to make tuition payments. But what about the students whose parents make too much to get any grant money, but their parents don’t have enough money or don’t want to pay for them going to college? Tuition costs have raised very quickly compared to the amount of grants or scholarships available. In Indiana the university trustees set the tuition cost but many legislators are asking them to think about keeping it lower or not raise them at all (Kenly). The government thinks that the parents should be responsible for helping students pay until they are 24, married, a veteran, or have a child (Clark). This leaves a lot of students in need of help before any of these things happen. For a student to file as in independent they first need to be 24 even if they are not living with their parents and are on their own. Many students would qualify for financial aid if they could file independently but this stipulation leaves them to flounder by them. Also if a student graduates at the age at 18 and goes to school for four years this would only make them twenty-two and they would never make it to get financial aid as an independent so, they would have to get loans unless they were awarded scholarships. Having financial aid and grants from the government have helped a lot students go to college who otherwise couldn’t but it also leaves many students out who do not fit into the formula created for everyone. Going to college is a great way to better someone’s self but getting to the degree is much harder than just being a good student. Parents can only provide so much as well as the government but the rising cost of tuition with the financial far behind it is outrageous. It is understandable that universities need money to run themselves but the dramatic increase each year is something to wonder about. This is a close to home topic for me because I fall in the bracket where my parents cannot afford my education, but I do not receive any financial aid so my only option is to get loans. The government cannot provide for everyone but making college more affordable for everyone would really help our nation rise up to be more competitive with other countries. It is very sad for students who are hard workers and have the ability to get a degree, but the price discourages them from accomplishing that goal. College is an important step in many peoples’ lives in the world today. It is a requirement for many jobs and can help people reach more goals than without it. Some people believe that the need for college is greater than the sacrifice that is needed to get a degree. Even with the economy today college should be something that everyone should strive for no matter what the cost is. With a degree you can earn more money, get better jobs, and be more of an educated person. This is vital to many people in their everyday lives. With a college education you can earn double than having just a high school diploma (Longley). This makes the debt and sacrifices people make to go to college very important to better themselves. Without those sacrifices a person could not get a better paying job and provide for their families or help better other things in their lives. The sacrifices that are needed to be made can be paid off with the bettering of oneself with a degree and to some this can be priceless. How the parents, student, and government look at the cost, the need for a degree, and how they will pay for it determines how much they are willing to sacrifice. The need for a degree and the cost of getting a degree can be analyzed and give facts and figures of how important or how unimportant it is to struggle with things that are required to graduate. The good can outweigh the bad but getting there can be a hard process, but some believe that the way it is now is a fine way to get to the end goal, because the end goal can be so rewarding. Works Cited 1. Carpenter, Dave â€Å"Cost of Degree is Forcing some to go to Plan B. † Associated Press. 26 September 2010. http://www. msnbc. msn. om/id/39277351/ns/business- personal_finance/. 14 October 2010. 2. Clark, Kim â€Å"Should your kids pay for their college? † 11 December 2009. http://www. usnews. com/articles/education/2009/12/11/should-your-kids-pay-for-college-themselves. html 15 October 2010. 3. Kenley, Luke â€Å"Response to High College Cost. † Indianapolis Star. 20 September 2010. Print. 15 October 2010. 4. Longley, Robert â€Å"College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings† http://usgovinfo. about. com/od/censusandstatistics/a/collegepays. htm. 31 October 2010. How to cite The Cost of College Tuition, Papers

Police use of Racial Profiling Essay Example

Police use of Racial Profiling Paper I disagree with the vast majority, because I think the use of race in deciding whom to treat as a suspect is Just one of many factors in a police officers decision. According to Nadia Karee Nettle Racial profiling is a form of discrimination by which law enforcement uses a persons race or cultural background as the primary reason to suspect that the individual has broken the law (Para. 1). Others that oppose this view say that it is racist to consider race as a factor in any situation because it is treating a person of one race differently than a person of another race. Law enforcement considering the race of an individual is viewed as a violation of a persons right to equality under the law. And this violation is very accurate if and only if the race is the only factor being considered when suspecting an individual otherwise it is Just another observation about the situation that the law enforcement officer makes. Racial profiling is normally associated with racism even though the act of racial profiling is not inherently racist. According to Randall Kennedy (1999) racial profiling is not necessarily evil or immoral, but it is the use of facts and the environment that make a police officer use race as a factor in deciding whether or not to be suspicious of a certain person (Para. 6). An example of using many factors to identify a suspect would be when a Kansas City DEAD officer stopped a young black man who was acting in suspicious ways in an airport, and information regarding the local area said that gangs of young black men have been moving drugs into the area through major transportation hubs such as the airport (Kennedy, 1999, Para. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Police use of Racial Profiling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Police use of Racial Profiling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Police use of Racial Profiling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the information the agent was given he was able to make an educated guess as to whether or not the young man was worth any more of his attention. When that young man was detained it was discovered that he did indeed have illegal substances on him with the intent to transport it. This situation is a great example of how the police use context clues and piece together a bigger picture using many factors, and one of those factors happens to be race. The Department of Justice fact sheet on racial profiling (2003) states that racial profiling is considered acceptable to use in order to identify terrorists (p. 5). It is considered acceptable to use race in order to narrow a search field so that the chances of finding a terrorist are even greater. This would make sense of why random searches are not actually random, but there is a set of factors that come into play not saying that every random search has a purpose, but it would be pointless to randomly search a 10 year old girl caring a teddy bear with her pregnant mother. Even a federal agency has acknowledged that in order to narrow a search field the use of race as a factor is acceptable. Just because race is used to help narrow a suspect field does not mean racial profiling is racist. Police encounter accusations of racism every day and that is because police have Jobs that require hem to deal with all kinds of people for hours on end, and those people are of all different types of races. Police officers stop people all day long and one of the many ways they do that is with a traffic stop. Police are always in danger because the Job is a dangerous one, but traffic stops are one of the most dangerous occasions that a police officer encounters, because the person the officer Just stopped is a complete stranger and the officer has no idea what is inside the car or if the person has a weapon. It is one of the few occasions where an officer is likely to have zero idea of hat he or she is walking into. Since there is such a big danger with traffic stops the officer must use every piece of information that can be gathered, one of which would be the race of the driver. According to Vito Walsh (2008) when officers go to the police academy to learn to become a police officer they are taught how to identify odd behavior and driving activities as criminal behavior ( p. 91). Police can use intuition and experience to make a decision about a situation. For example if an area has a high rate of Latino Americans participating in illegal immigration a police officer will be more suspicious of a windowless van driving around following every road law to the finest detail with a Latino American driving than he/she would be of a minivan with a 35 year old white female driving. It would be the logical decision to pull over the windowless van because all of the clues point to that being the more likely option, because all of the information the police officer has about the area, and his training tell him that the windowless van would pose a more likely candidate for transporting illegal immigrants. Police discretion involves reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Probable cause Exists when facts and circumstances within a police officers knowledge, which are based on reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the person being arrested (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 207). The courts system of the United States places discretionary power in the hands of the police and these two terms are deeply rooted in the way police operate when they approach any situation. One of the tools of discretion police officers have is reasonable suspicion, and it is defined as the Objective facts and logical conclusions given a specific set of circumstances (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 208). Reasonable suspicion is a very good representation of how the police are told to observe facts and make logical conclusions about every situation. Establishing reasonable suspicion is a tough Job though because it needs to be backed up in court if it makes it that far. The situations where reasonable suspicion is most applicable would be with a stop and frisk. As mentioned below the court case Terry v. Ohio established reasonable suspicion as enough to stop an individual and frisk them. Seeing as how reasonable suspicion is based on objective facts and logical conclusions then the law views anything that makes coming to a logical conclusion using objective facts, such as race, perfectly acceptable for police officers use (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 208). The police are given many powers by the people of the United States in order to serve and protect the public. One of those powers is a terry stop this is the result of a supreme court case know as Terry v. Ohio. This case gives the police power to stop somebody as long as the officer has reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior. They are also allowed to frisk the individual, but only if the officer has reason to believe the individual poses a threat to the officer or other citizens (Nubian Thompson, 1968, p. 33) Although the action that the court has approved is at its heart not racist, because the United States legal system views everyone equally, that doesnt stop some police officers from abusing it and choosing to make racist decisions. In this aspect we trust the police to use their discretion and actually make an unbiased decision that is best for the protection of everybodys rights. The police are given a very large amount of discretion in terms of how they treat people and a pproach situations. We trust them to follow the law and protect everyones freedoms, but there will always be people that abuse the power that is given to them. Stop and frisk policies have become a hot button issue because it leaves the choice of whom to stop and frisk up to the police office. There was a situation in New York city where mayor Michael R. Bloomberg enacted a law giving the police the power to stop anyone if the police officer reasonably suspects he or she is in danger (NYC Criminal Procedure, 2014). According to Mayor Bloomberg in a Huffing Post article (2013) Ninety percent of all people killed in our city -? and 90 percent of all those who commit the murders and other violent crimes -? are black and Hispanic (Para. ). The reason for the majority of people being stopped belonging to a minority is because the areas where the police officers are sent to are areas where a large number of minorities live and the crime rate is really high, and the city feels that it would be more effective to apply police to these high crime areas (Bloomberg, 2013, Para. 2-8). The results are eradicable if this is the case. The only logical conc lusion is that more African Americans, Latino, and other minorities will be stopped and frisked if more police are sent to areas with a high population of minorities. The police are not sent to these areas because of the minorities in the area, but instead they are sent there because of the high crime rates with the intent of lowering that high crime rate and making those areas safer for the innocent residents who are victimized by the criminals that do live in the area. Since there is a lot of discretion given to police officers there are always those few officers that abuse the power given to them and end up making decisions such as whom to stop and frisk based entirely on the race of the individual. Those police officers actions are wrong and not the type of racial profiling that is acceptable. Officers that do use race as a sole factor in determining a suspect cannot properly call their actions racial profiling, but instead those actions should be considered acts of racism. Racist behavior is not tolerated in law enforcement because that would be bringing personal biases into the work place and hat would compromise the individual officers ability to make an unbiased decision. Racist decisions have no place in law enforcement because they create a situation where the eyes of the law do not view someone as equal, but instead are viewed as lesser than other human beings. Police officers who make racist decisions have no place in law enforcement and they are the few that tarnish the reputation of the many. It was previously mentioned that there are many factors leading into a police officer making his/her decision to treat someone as a suspect or not. The police use sat experiences as well as their training in order to identify a suspect using many factors. The environment that the officer is in, including the characteristics and crime rates of the neighborhood plays a part in his/her decision making process. Another group of factors that the police take into consideration is the characteristics of the person being looking at. Factors such as gender, age, and the size to formulate a profile of this individual and decide whether or not to be suspicious of the individual being observed (Albert, Bennett, Dunham, ; Stressing, 2005, p. 369). If the arson of interest is in a neighborhood with a high crime rate and there have been past occurrences of violence towards police officers, then the officer in the area will be more likely to treat everyone with more suspicion. Also if the individual in question is a young Japanese man dressed in a gang outfit in a neighborhood known for its connection to the Japanese mafia then the police officer will take interest in that person, and possibly pursue or stop him. The factors involved in a police officers decisions are a lot more complex than we think, because police look at the environment and the individual both at the same time. Sometimes the complicated line of decision making police officers use may lead the public to make blanket perception about all members of law enforcement. The main reason that citizens disagree with racial profiling is that the public view it as racist and therefore an unfavorable action. Those who oppose racial profiling claim it is racist to use race as a factor at all in deciding to treat someone as a suspect. I disagree with that statement, because the police use race as an aid to help them make a more precise decision about the person they suspect of a crime. There is statistical evidence Enid officers choice to suspect one race over another while investigating a crime. According to the Bis Uniform Crime Report in table AAA (2011) there are crimes that are more common among certain races of people like how 65% of the people arrested for forcible rape were white, and 55. 6% of arrests for robbery were African Americans (FBI). Also in the same report shows that 72. 9% of arson arrests are of someone who is white, and 86. 7% of arrests for gambling are African American (FBI). These statistics go to show that there are indeed certain racial groups of people that commit certain rimes more than others. These particular tables are of national data so the exact numbers vary in every local area so the officers in their respective precincts react differently to the data they collect. Data gathered through research influences something known as the police subculture, because the police react to new crime patterns and those are created using statistical evidence. The police subculture can be described as the shared values, attitudes, and norms created within the occupational and organizational environment of policing (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 8). Police adopt a whole new view of the world whenever they start their Jobs, and they all adopt a similar if not exactly the same view. The reason this subculture would play such a huge role in all the factors a police officer uses to decide whom to suspect is because the police are always in danger with their line of work and they need every single tool at their disposal in order to protect themselves and other innocent civilians. Due to this subculture that all police become part of, the police in general view every citizen as a possible threat and danger to the public, and homeless, and that requires the police to use any and all environmental factors in order to make an educated decision. (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 178). Racial profiling as defined before is intertwined with the police subculture and not viewed as a weapon against minorities but more as a tool to be used to aid the police in their efforts to prevent crime and keep the public safe from harm. When people stand up against racial profiling they are painting Just one group to be the subject of racial profiling, and those subjects are said to be the minority populations. Though he African American, Latino American, Asian American, etc.. Populations get profiled so do white Americans. The notable example of this would be the profiling of a serial killer. After a string of murders is identified as serial killings the next decision is to find the person responsible because they are extremely dangerous if they are left in society to run rampant. The police instantly start building a profile of the serial killer, and the first thing they do is assume the suspect will be white because statistically 80% of the serial killers that have been caught are white males (Sun, 2009, Para. ). This is racial profiling, and the police do it so that they can narrow their search field and not have to waste resources in unlikely areas. One could argue that the police doing such a thing makes it likely to skip over the actual suspect, but that is false because all the police are doing is limiting the search field. They are not completely eliminating groups of people from the suspect pool because they do not match the assumption that the serial killer would be white, because this is where the other factors that police look at come into play and they look beyond race for other elites. So it is a moot point to argue that racial profiling could skip over the actual perpetrator, because there are more factors being looked aside from the race of a profile. Race is not Just used against minorities when profiling a suspect, but it is also used against the majority sometimes so this would go to show that race is not used exclusively to target a single race or group of races. The police only use race as a factor in order to narrow a search pool and use their resources wisely while maximizing their effectiveness. Police officers all around the world wake up every ironing and put on a bullet proof vest and go to work to protect and serve the community. Police are forced to confront situations that a majority of Americans will never face in their lives and in order to make decisions the police need to use every aspect of every situation in order to make the safest and most logical decision. Police officers always will have to use the discretion that the citizens of the United States have given to them in order to make the best educated decision they can. Sometimes that Judgment is influenced by race, but that is not the sole factor in the average officers decision.

Contemporary Ethical Issues In Marketing Essays

Contemporary Ethical Issues In Marketing Essays Contemporary Ethical Issues In Marketing Paper Contemporary Ethical Issues In Marketing Paper Essay Topic: Marketing Ethics relate to moral evaluations of decisions and actions as right or wrong on the basis of commonly accepted principles of behaviour. Marketing ethics are moral principles that define right and wrong behaviour in marketing. The most basic ethical issues have been formalised through laws and regulations to provide conformity to the standards of society. At the very least, marketers are expected to conform to these laws and regulations. However, it is important to realise that marketing ethics go beyond legal issues, ethical marketing decisions, ethics foster mutual trust among individuals and in marketing relationships. Ethical issues typically arise because of conflicts among individuals personal moral philosophies and the marketing strategies, policies, and organisational environment in which they work, they may stem from conflicts between a marketers attempts to achieve organisational objectives and customers desire for safe and reliable products. There is little doubt that ethical considerations are a powerful influence on consumer purchasing decisions e. g. Nike with its cheap labour sourcing policies. If a brand gets its ethical stance wrong it can be very bad for business. Brands like the Body Shop have shown that showing you are ethical can do wonders for business. Whether its specific issues such as environmental impact, exploitation of child labour or a more general pressure on corporations to give something back to society through charitable donations, contributions to local communities or support for the sports and arts, every brands are needing to take a conscious decision as to what sort of ethical stance to take. For example: The Reliant Robin became highly controversial in the 1970s after consumer advocates (Thats Life on BBC television) Claimed that Reliant had saved money in the design of the cars steering system and that Relaints ran a greater risk of being involved in accidents. Similarly, organisation objectives that call for increased profits or market share may pressure marketers to steel competitors secrets, knowingly put an unsafe product on the market, or some other questionable activity. For example: In South Korea, Lucky Goldstar Group markets a detergent packaged in an orange box with a whirlpool design just like- Procter Gambles Tide brand. The product is called Tie, and Procter : Gamble does not make it or license it to Goldstar. Obviously, the attempt to develop a Tide look-alike without Procter Gambles permission creates an ethical issue. A number of recently publicised incidents in marketing, such as deceptive or objectionable advertising, misleading packaging, questionable selling practices, manipulation, corruption, and pollution, have raised, questions as to whether specific marketing practices are acceptable and beneficial to society. The issues of what is acceptable in marketing practices and what obligations marketers have to society are issues of marketing ethics and social responsibility. Although it is a very important concern in marketing decisions, ethics may be one of the most misunderstood and controversial concepts in marketing. No one has yet discovered a universally accepted approach to dealing with marketing ethics. However, this concept and its application need to be examined in order to foster marketing decisions that are acceptable and beneficial to society. To be a credible leader in wellbeing, we must demonstrate a responsible approach to the wellbeing of all our stakeholders including our people, suppliers, the communities we serve and the wider environment. Boots is about products and advice that enhance personal wellbeing. Were working to enhance our reputation as a well managed, ethical and socially responsible company. As leaders in wellbeing we intend to reinforce our key role in the UKs primary healthcare Boots approach to Corporate Social Responsibility The issue of Ethical Trading is extremely important. The Boots Company is working alongside other leading retailers and the British Retail Consortium to develop guidance and codes of practice. Boots is also a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative, an independent organisation involving government, non-governmental organisations and retailers working together to agree common standards and a common approach. Specifically, with regard to conditions of employment for the workers in the Far East who produce goods for sale in Boots stores, the company insists on only doing business with those manufacturers, which meet certain, predetermined standards. For example, pay scales are monitored to see that they are above average and facilities, which are increasingly being provided for workers who live on the premises dormitories, three nutritious meals a day, recreational amenities are all of a competitive standard. Importantly, systems have been put in place to check that employers are conforming to their local government labour laws and that their factories comply with the legal age of employment A strong sense of social responsibility is part of the Boots heritage. Today its reflected in their values and behaviors and made explicit in their statement of business purpose. Example of a recent marketing campaign is the re-launch of the companys No. 7 Brand of cosmetics. The product was perceived to be good quality but drab and old-fashioned. In 1995 it was decided to re-launch the No. 7 brand as a premium product. Recent developments had allowed a substantial range of ethical claims to be made for the products such as not tested on animals and hypoallergenic. Two thirds of the colour range was new and every possible innovation incorporated. There was extensive customer testing against competitors in the new market to ensure that products in the range out performed their rivals. New ways of marketing products are constantly emerging. Whilst Boots continues to use tried and tested methods such as TV press and advertising, new communication channels mean that there is a wider array of tools Boots can use to get messages across to their customers. Some examples include Internet and Direct Mail through the Boots Advantage Card (which is the biggest loyalty scheme in Europe). Boots prides it self on being an ethical business it demonstrates this in all its marketing. The Body Shop is well known for its ethical stances, The Body Shop believes fair trade can make a positive difference in peoples lives and Community Trade is the Body Shops fair trade principles in practice. The Community Trade programme is aimed at small producer communities around the world who supply the Body Shop with accessories and natural ingredients. Community Trade ensures a fair deal for the producers and their communities enabling them to work together to make a difference to their own lives and have more control over their futures. Fair prices help producers to feed, clothe and educate their families and allow money to go back into the community to supply basic needs such as water, health and education. Money earned through trade with The Body Shop has enabled producers to build wells in their villages, educate thousands of people about AIDS and HIV and provide schooling for hundreds of children. When you enter any of The Body Shop stores or attend a The Body Shop at Home party, the staff will be able to point out Community Traded products and accessories and products that have Community Traded ingredients in them. Through all The Body Shops marketing communications and promotional materials you will always find the Community Trade logo, which in their catalogue and on their products highlights those with Community Traded components in them. For a company like The Body Shop there is another important factor to consider; their high profile role as an advocate of social and environmental causes. If a company wants the license to campaign on public issues, it must demonstrate its own commitment to reflection and self-improvement on issues like environmental protection, animal protection and human rights. The Body Shop Mission Statement dedicates the Companys business to the pursuit of social and environmental change. Underpinning the Mission Statement is The Body Shop Trading Charter, which addresses the three principal concerns of social responsibility, environmental sustainability and animal protection. Both documents describe The Body Shops key aims regarding its relationships with stakeholders, as well as with the environment. They commit the Company to strive towards balancing the financial needs and human needs of stakeholders, and describe the key principles that the Company aims to integrate into its trading practices: respect for human and civil rights; creation and support of long-term, sustainable trading relationships with communities in need; reflection of environmental sustainability in the Companys purchasing; and the commitment not to purchase materials or products that transgress the Companys animal protection policies. The Body Shops ethics are rooted in the personal beliefs and agenda that Anita and Gordon Roddick brought with them into the business. They are fundamental to the way The Body Shop operates, our reason for being. The Body Shop is committed to maintaining high standards of social and ethical business performance. It is also committed to the principles of integrity, transparency and continuous improvement through an integrated framework of accountability and active engagement with stakeholders. Regardless of the reasons behind specific ethical issues, once the issues are identified, marketers and organisations must decide how to deal with them. This is essential to become familiar with many of the ethical issues that may arise in marketing so that they can be identified and resolved when they occur. Examination of a few issues that could develop in the different marketing mix elements, can provide some direction and lead to an understanding of the ethical problems that marketers must confront. When examining both of the organisations above in the marketing mix I found that both companies are very ethical in there own brand product lines, Boots have Botanicals made from only natural ingredients, and The Body Shop also use natural ingredients and are totally against testing on animals. The Boots company may be more expensive than other chemists own brands, this is because they pay people who work for them in the 3rd world a wage that they can live on and provide them with food shelter, Body Shop uses money raised from there sales to help provide for the people in poorer countries and they also use environmentally friendly light bulbs in there shops. Boots and The Body Shop have shops on the high street they are both recognizably more expensive than other chemists such as superdrug, but both The Body Shop Boots offer more ethical products. Boots advertises how ethical it is on TV, it also has an Advantage Card loyalty scheme, The Body Shop does not advertise on TV, most people already know the body shop stance on ethical issues, but if you go into a shop there are posters and leaflets explaining what they stand for.

How To Learn Chemistry Fast

How To Learn Chemistry Fast The first step in learning chemistry fast is to determine exactly how long you have to learn chemistry. Youll need a lot more discipline to learn chemistry in a day compared with a week or a month. Also, keep in mind you wont have great retention if you cram chemistry in a day or a week. Ideally, you want a month or longer to master any course. If you do end up cramming chemistry, expect to review the material if you need to apply it to a higher level chemistry course or remember it for a test further down the road. A Word About Chemistry Lab If you can do lab work, thats fantastic, because the hands-on learning will reinforce the concepts. However, labs take time, so most likely youll miss this segment. Keep in mind labs are required for some situations. For example, you have to document lab work for AP chemistry and many online courses. If you are doing labs, check how long they take to perform before getting starting. Some labs take less than an hour start-to-finish, while others might take hours, days or weeks. Pick short exercises, whenever possible. Supplement book learning with videos, which are readily available online. Gather Your Materials You can use any chemistry textbook, but some are better than others for fast learning. You could use an AP Chemistry book or Kaplan Study Guide or a similar book. These are high quality, time-tested reviews that cover everything. Avoid dumbed-down books because youll get the illusion that you learned chemistry, but wont master the topic. Make a Plan Dont be haphazard and dive in, expecting success in the end! Make a plan, record your progress and stick to it. Heres how: Divide your time. If you have a book, figure out how many chapters youre going to cover and how much time you have. For example, you may study and learn three chapters a day. It may be a chapter an hour. Whatever it is, write it out so you can track your progress.Get started! Check off what you accomplish. Maybe reward yourself after pre-determined points. You know better than anyone else what it will take to get you to get the job done. It may be self-bribes. It may be fear of an impending deadline. Find what works for you and apply it.If you fall behind, try to catch up right away. You might not be able to double your work, but its easier to catch up as fast as possible rather than have the studying snowball out of control.Support your study with healthy habits. Make sure you get some sleep, even if its in the form of naps. You need sleep to process new information. Try to eat nutritious food. Get some exercise. Take walks or work out during breaks. Its important to switch gears ev ery so often and get your mind off chemistry. It may feel like wasted time, but its not. Youll learn more quickly if you take brief breaks than if you study, study, study. However, dont let yourself get sidetracked where you dont get back to chemistry. Set and keep limits regarding time away from your learning. Helpful Tips Try to review prior material. Even if its just a quick review, planning a set amount of time to go over old material will help you retain it.Work through problems. At the very least, make sure you can work example problems if you have time (days or weeks instead of hours), work problems. Working problems is the best way to learn how to apply the concepts truly.Take notes. Writing down important points helps you learn the information.Recruit a study buddy. A partner can help keep you motivated, plus you can offer each other support and put your heads together when you encounter hard problems or challenging concepts.